When
you drive the alarming figures result from the actions of terrorist
groups within the United States, immediately as the false idea that they
are caused exclusively by Islamists or neo-fascist factions . However,
the domestic terrorism of the Cuban-American mafia against targets on
American soil , the dark dwarfs actions taken by Al Qaeda and other
groups of fans , along with surprising impunity with which these
activities are performed .
Only in the period between 1959 and 2001 , nearly four decades, consummated 360 terrorist attacks on U.S. soil , carried out by different organizations counter source , permanent protected government of that country. Of these shares , 186 directly affected interests of the United States of America.
The constant terrorist activity of these groups of Cuban origin has continuously violated national security of the American giant . A few figures prove it :
- More than 35 people have been killed on U.S. soil by the Cuban mafia . Among the victims have been people of American nationality , Cuban diplomats and nationals of the island that made the mistake of advocating an approach to Cuba .
- There were 14 attacks on U.S. airports , especially the La Guardia and John F. Kennedy ( New York ), the Miami International Aiport and Newark , New Jersey.
- One of these organizations , Omega 7 , conducted between 1974 and 1983 about 55 terrorist actions in the United States and 6 in Puerto Rico . Autotitulado Cuban Nationalist Movement Omega 7 , was characterized by its aggressiveness and notorious for making terrorist actions , among which stood out the bazooka attack against UN headquarters in 1964 , the assassination of Chilean former foreign minister Orlando Letelier in 1976 well as the murders of Cuban diplomat Felix Garcia Rodriguez and Cuban Carlos Muñiz Varela , both accomplished in 1979. From within this terrorist group excelled Sampoll figures like Guillermo Novo and his brother Ignacio and Eduardo Arocena . The latter is serving a long sentence in jail and currently intends to be released through the efforts of Lincoln Diaz -Balart and Ileana Ros Lehtinen , as Orlando Bosch did in previous years.
- There were hundreds of threats and attacks against U.S. government facilities , such as the FBI , Immigration and others.
- It was even making threats against the president in office on several occasions , and against federal and state officials .
In general , the objectives of this terrorist actions have been well defined :
1) Attacking Cuba related objectives , creating a permanent climate of hostility and belligerence toward the island
2 ) Exercise a systematic terror among the members of the Cuban community settled in U.S. territory, in order to stop the growing sympathy for the Cuban Revolution and in favor of a rapprochement between the community and the Caribbean nation.
3) Press the U.S. government in order to determine its policy towards Cuba . In this sense , unscrupulously combine political lobbying , threats and violent campaign .
Over fifty years have excelled terrorist groups , some of them developed a notorious role. Its preparation by officials of the CIA and other U.S. agencies , their involvement in pages dirty war outside the borders of the United States and other dark ties to Cosa Nostra and drug trafficking, have made them potentially dangerous . On many occasions been called into question the government's tolerance to these criminals and were forced to push them to conduct their activities outside of the U.S. border. An example of this occurred in the early 70s , when it conducted the war around the world, to convince the FBI to the main ringleaders to cease domestic terrorism activity . One of them , Orlando Bosch Avila, had made no less than 72 bomb attacks on U.S. soil . From there grew the murderous campaign of attacks against Cuban interests abroad:
- On April 4, 1972 a bomb exploded in the Commercial Office of Cuba in Canada , causing the death of a Cuban diplomat .
- Attempted abduction of the Cuban ambassador Emilio Aragonés , in Argentina , in 1975 .
- Blasting the Cuban airliner in Barbados in October 1976 .
It is noteworthy that not all leaders obeyed the orders of his former bosses and kept their actions and belligerence in Yankee territory . From 1975 became famous groups like the Cuban Nationalist Movement , Secret Cuban Government , Cuban National Liberation Front , Cuban Power , the Scorpion , Accion Cubana , Cuban Scorpion , Young Star , Omega 7 and Commands Pedro Luis Boitel .
During this period, major events occur , such as:
- Placing a powerful bomb by the terrorist of Cuban origin Rolando Otero Hernandez, who killed 29 people and wounded 75 . The device exploded criminal no less than La Guardia International Airport in New York. Why not prevented the sabotage that killed Americans , the December 29, 1975 , when the FBI was aware that this terrorist had seven bombs exploded just 28 days earlier in Miami , directed against the FBI Offices , the Federal Building, the County Police , Social Security offices and other targets ? Why formed no hubbub as terrorism after the events of September 11 ? Why not pursued the terrorists of Cuban origin as was done with members of Al Qaeda?
- In September 1978 four Americans were killed by being blown into the air on a plane bound for Cuba . The terrorist organization of the Star Young was awarded as criminal fact . One of the executors of this evil attack, Ramón Saúl Sánchez Rizo, lives in Miami without interference and maintains an active belligerent against Cuba . This terrorist act was characterized by frank impunity over the years . , Associated to the most active and dangerous violent cutting organizations in the early 70s, such as Cuban National Liberation Front , Alpha 66 , Youth of the Star, Revolutionary Organizations Coordinator . In the 80s , led the group Liberation Organization for Cuba and participated with known terrorists associated with Omega 7 .
No rest in its violent activity , remember their participation in the sinking of two fishing boats in 1970 , the platforms I and IV and promote kidnappings in Venezuela , Mexico and the United States , we know that Ramon Saul directly involved in the attempt against Carlos Muñiz Varela and other facts , being a spoiled child of American justice. He was sentenced to four years in prison despite his extensive criminal history , in 1984 , only two of them met . Then he joined other terrorist groups like Liberation Organization of Cuba , Cuban National Commission , Independent and Democratic Cuba ( CID ) and the Naval Action Group .
During the disturbances caused by the Migration Accords signed between Cuba and the United States, was arrested on May 2, 1995 . Since then , he was released immediately even though the FBI knows who keeps a large number of weapons. Suffice to say that both he and José Basulto , two sworn enemies of these agreements and both have been constantly engaged in sabotage . Finally, from the ranks of the Democracy Movement , has been dedicated to creating tensions between the two governments and promoting terrorist and called to the disobedience of the Miami-based Cuban community , following the case of the rafter boy Liam Gonzalez.
Returning to our count of domestic terrorism in U.S. mafia , we should point out that once again the Yankee government negotiated with them and forced them to carry out their activities outside the United States. That was until 1979 when increased their operations in that country. However, a new organization known as the CORU gained some relevance in the U.S. : it was just a new guise of terrorists. In those years produced a violent response to attempts at dialogue between the community and the Cuban government , to assassinate Carlos Muñiz Varela and José Eulalio Negrin .
Broadly speaking, the most salient terrorist events of these decades were:
70s '
· ( 1974 ) Murder of José Elias de la Torriente for failing to make an invasion plan against Cuba . This deed was perpetrated in the home of the victim, located in the upscale neighborhood of Coral Gables.
· ( 1974 ) Four bomb attacks against media : one explodes at the offices of the magazine Replica and three near a Spanish radio station .
· ( 1974 ) are killed Hector Diaz Limonta and Arturo Rodriguez contradictions as a result of infighting within the Cuban-American mafia . Two years after Rolando perish Mansferrer and Ramon Donestévez for the same reasons . In 1977 , it suffers the same fate Juan Jose Peruyero .
· ( 1975 ) A bomb is placed in the offices of Replica .
· ( 1976 ) Attack against Emilio Milian , director of a radio news station in Miami , who objected to the violence promoted by U.S. based terrorists . The victim lost both legs .
· ( 1979 ) Explosions Padron Cigars bombs twice, after an unsuccessful attempt .
· ( 1979 ) Armed aggression against viewers who saw the screening of Cuban film Memories of Underdevelopment .
80s '
During this decade are discovered several unexploded bombs ¾ American Airways Charter (1980) and Consulate of Nicaragua ( 1981 ) ¾ , although most terrorist acts were successful. Such are the cases of :
· ( 1981 ) Placing bombs in the Consulates of Mexico and Venezuela , both located in Miami .
· ( 1981 ) Another bomb explodes in Replica .
· Shots against American Hispania , which sends medicine to Cuba .
· ( 1983 ) Bomb explodes at Cuba travel agency named Paradise International.
· ( 1987 ) is known , with 1988 as the year of the attacks on Cuba travel agencies , which undergo continuous bombings . This wave directly affects Cuba Shipping , Warehouse The Spanish , Cubanacan Shipping Agency , Travel Machi and Va Cuba ( twice) .
· ( 1988 ) This year there are attacks on several travel agencies (Va Cuba and Bele Cuba Express . Attacks also occur the Cuban Museum of Arts and Culture and bomb threat against Iberia offices and the Immigration and Naturalization Service , targets in the city of Miami .
· ( 1989 and 1990 ) These sealed the early years of the Cuban terrorism impunity with the explosion of a powerful bomb in the Cuban Museum of Arts and Culture , two bombs in Marazul Charters and bombings in places near the homes of sympathizers dialogue between Cuba and the Cuban community in the U.S. .
90s '
· (1994 ) Two bombs explode again in the offices of the magazine Replica .· ( 1996 ) Bomb explodes in Basque Center before the performance by Cuban singer Rosita Fornes .
· ( 1996 ) bomb attacks against travel agencies and Your Family Marazul Charters Shipping.
· ( 1998 ) Threat to bomb nightclubs in which Cuban artists act as Compay Segundo and Manolin " The doctor of Salsa" . The threats were consummated with the explosion at Amnesia nightclub in Miami Beach, incendiary half .
There is no doubt that all these assaults were ordered and financed over forty years , by leading terrorists grouped in the CORU , Alpha 66 , CID, CANF and other . However, some of the actual perpetrators of these have been identified and act freely in the United States , often undisturbed. Although some have saved prison sentences have been frequently benign to them , yet they can be seen roaming freely in the streets . Here are some cases:
· Angel Alfonso Aleman, nicknamed La Cota , who works in the 4300 Bergerline Ave , room 200 , in New Jersey. Brown hair , baldness pronounced and 1.75 meters high , it is known that in 1997 tried to blow up the Cuban Mission in New York City . It is linked to the Cuban American National Foundation .
· Héctor Francisco Alfonso Ruiz , known by the pseudonym of Hector Fabian , resident of 3020 SW 25 Terrace , Miami , has been an active terrorist. Participated in bombings against four parcels agencies to Cuba ( 1972 ) , planned an attack on the Embassy of Cuba in Mexico ( 1973 ) and was involved in several assassination attempts on Fidel ( 1973 to 1979 ) . He executed an attack against the ship Jobabo , Cuban flag , in 1978 . He knows engaged in sending explosive packages to Cuban embassies in Mexico , Canada, Argentina and Peru . Today is dedicated to promoting armed infiltrations on the island, such as took place on September 17, 1996 when they were captured Pedro Pablo Pulido Ortega and Noel Ramos.
· Sixto Reynaldo Aquit Manrique , known as the Chinese Aquit , a height of 1.58 meters , weight 170 pounds , brown eyes , mixed and Asian facial features , also has a small scar on the upper lip , currently resides in the 11549SW 5 street , Miami, and its telephone number is 305-227 1714. It is known that , after participating in the attack on the tanker Mykonos , in 1993 , traveled to Central America in order to contact Cuban terrorists based there , particularly in El Salvador as well as Salvadoran military , in order to organize terrorist against Cuba . It was discovered in the act he was about to carry out an attack against the headquarters of the Association of Workers of Cuba , in Miami , where they were stored twenty tons of food and medicine that would be brought to Cuba by the Fourth Caravan of Pastors for Peace . Sentenced to five years in prison out of jail , bail two home and three on parole , continued performing and promoting aggression against Cuba . He came to be located near President Bush on the occasion of the festivities of May 20, 2002 , in Miami .
We could mention many cases similar to these , but it would only confirm the scope of this article, which are essentially :
· Demonstrate the vulnerability of the American nation to this kind of terrorism.· To demonstrate the impunity with which criminals conduct their activities within the United States and federal agencies consent to these acts .
· The inability or lack of interest from U.S. justice to condemn these crimes .
Conclusions :
Excuse me, dear reader, if after reading this article, you left a bitter taste in the mouth or , at least , a terrible sense of insecurity. The fault, of course , it was not mine. I think the main culprit is the U.S. government never has worked to stop the wave of terrorism within its territory . The painful thing is that the victims have been paid more than once the activities of those who have killed an ordinary day in Miami or New York , these fifty years .
Only in the period between 1959 and 2001 , nearly four decades, consummated 360 terrorist attacks on U.S. soil , carried out by different organizations counter source , permanent protected government of that country. Of these shares , 186 directly affected interests of the United States of America.
The constant terrorist activity of these groups of Cuban origin has continuously violated national security of the American giant . A few figures prove it :
- More than 35 people have been killed on U.S. soil by the Cuban mafia . Among the victims have been people of American nationality , Cuban diplomats and nationals of the island that made the mistake of advocating an approach to Cuba .
- There were 14 attacks on U.S. airports , especially the La Guardia and John F. Kennedy ( New York ), the Miami International Aiport and Newark , New Jersey.
- One of these organizations , Omega 7 , conducted between 1974 and 1983 about 55 terrorist actions in the United States and 6 in Puerto Rico . Autotitulado Cuban Nationalist Movement Omega 7 , was characterized by its aggressiveness and notorious for making terrorist actions , among which stood out the bazooka attack against UN headquarters in 1964 , the assassination of Chilean former foreign minister Orlando Letelier in 1976 well as the murders of Cuban diplomat Felix Garcia Rodriguez and Cuban Carlos Muñiz Varela , both accomplished in 1979. From within this terrorist group excelled Sampoll figures like Guillermo Novo and his brother Ignacio and Eduardo Arocena . The latter is serving a long sentence in jail and currently intends to be released through the efforts of Lincoln Diaz -Balart and Ileana Ros Lehtinen , as Orlando Bosch did in previous years.
- There were hundreds of threats and attacks against U.S. government facilities , such as the FBI , Immigration and others.
- It was even making threats against the president in office on several occasions , and against federal and state officials .
In general , the objectives of this terrorist actions have been well defined :
1) Attacking Cuba related objectives , creating a permanent climate of hostility and belligerence toward the island
2 ) Exercise a systematic terror among the members of the Cuban community settled in U.S. territory, in order to stop the growing sympathy for the Cuban Revolution and in favor of a rapprochement between the community and the Caribbean nation.
3) Press the U.S. government in order to determine its policy towards Cuba . In this sense , unscrupulously combine political lobbying , threats and violent campaign .
Over fifty years have excelled terrorist groups , some of them developed a notorious role. Its preparation by officials of the CIA and other U.S. agencies , their involvement in pages dirty war outside the borders of the United States and other dark ties to Cosa Nostra and drug trafficking, have made them potentially dangerous . On many occasions been called into question the government's tolerance to these criminals and were forced to push them to conduct their activities outside of the U.S. border. An example of this occurred in the early 70s , when it conducted the war around the world, to convince the FBI to the main ringleaders to cease domestic terrorism activity . One of them , Orlando Bosch Avila, had made no less than 72 bomb attacks on U.S. soil . From there grew the murderous campaign of attacks against Cuban interests abroad:
- On April 4, 1972 a bomb exploded in the Commercial Office of Cuba in Canada , causing the death of a Cuban diplomat .
- Attempted abduction of the Cuban ambassador Emilio Aragonés , in Argentina , in 1975 .
- Blasting the Cuban airliner in Barbados in October 1976 .
It is noteworthy that not all leaders obeyed the orders of his former bosses and kept their actions and belligerence in Yankee territory . From 1975 became famous groups like the Cuban Nationalist Movement , Secret Cuban Government , Cuban National Liberation Front , Cuban Power , the Scorpion , Accion Cubana , Cuban Scorpion , Young Star , Omega 7 and Commands Pedro Luis Boitel .
During this period, major events occur , such as:
- Placing a powerful bomb by the terrorist of Cuban origin Rolando Otero Hernandez, who killed 29 people and wounded 75 . The device exploded criminal no less than La Guardia International Airport in New York. Why not prevented the sabotage that killed Americans , the December 29, 1975 , when the FBI was aware that this terrorist had seven bombs exploded just 28 days earlier in Miami , directed against the FBI Offices , the Federal Building, the County Police , Social Security offices and other targets ? Why formed no hubbub as terrorism after the events of September 11 ? Why not pursued the terrorists of Cuban origin as was done with members of Al Qaeda?
- In September 1978 four Americans were killed by being blown into the air on a plane bound for Cuba . The terrorist organization of the Star Young was awarded as criminal fact . One of the executors of this evil attack, Ramón Saúl Sánchez Rizo, lives in Miami without interference and maintains an active belligerent against Cuba . This terrorist act was characterized by frank impunity over the years . , Associated to the most active and dangerous violent cutting organizations in the early 70s, such as Cuban National Liberation Front , Alpha 66 , Youth of the Star, Revolutionary Organizations Coordinator . In the 80s , led the group Liberation Organization for Cuba and participated with known terrorists associated with Omega 7 .
No rest in its violent activity , remember their participation in the sinking of two fishing boats in 1970 , the platforms I and IV and promote kidnappings in Venezuela , Mexico and the United States , we know that Ramon Saul directly involved in the attempt against Carlos Muñiz Varela and other facts , being a spoiled child of American justice. He was sentenced to four years in prison despite his extensive criminal history , in 1984 , only two of them met . Then he joined other terrorist groups like Liberation Organization of Cuba , Cuban National Commission , Independent and Democratic Cuba ( CID ) and the Naval Action Group .
During the disturbances caused by the Migration Accords signed between Cuba and the United States, was arrested on May 2, 1995 . Since then , he was released immediately even though the FBI knows who keeps a large number of weapons. Suffice to say that both he and José Basulto , two sworn enemies of these agreements and both have been constantly engaged in sabotage . Finally, from the ranks of the Democracy Movement , has been dedicated to creating tensions between the two governments and promoting terrorist and called to the disobedience of the Miami-based Cuban community , following the case of the rafter boy Liam Gonzalez.
Returning to our count of domestic terrorism in U.S. mafia , we should point out that once again the Yankee government negotiated with them and forced them to carry out their activities outside the United States. That was until 1979 when increased their operations in that country. However, a new organization known as the CORU gained some relevance in the U.S. : it was just a new guise of terrorists. In those years produced a violent response to attempts at dialogue between the community and the Cuban government , to assassinate Carlos Muñiz Varela and José Eulalio Negrin .
Broadly speaking, the most salient terrorist events of these decades were:
70s '
· ( 1974 ) Murder of José Elias de la Torriente for failing to make an invasion plan against Cuba . This deed was perpetrated in the home of the victim, located in the upscale neighborhood of Coral Gables.
· ( 1974 ) Four bomb attacks against media : one explodes at the offices of the magazine Replica and three near a Spanish radio station .
· ( 1974 ) are killed Hector Diaz Limonta and Arturo Rodriguez contradictions as a result of infighting within the Cuban-American mafia . Two years after Rolando perish Mansferrer and Ramon Donestévez for the same reasons . In 1977 , it suffers the same fate Juan Jose Peruyero .
· ( 1975 ) A bomb is placed in the offices of Replica .
· ( 1976 ) Attack against Emilio Milian , director of a radio news station in Miami , who objected to the violence promoted by U.S. based terrorists . The victim lost both legs .
· ( 1979 ) Explosions Padron Cigars bombs twice, after an unsuccessful attempt .
· ( 1979 ) Armed aggression against viewers who saw the screening of Cuban film Memories of Underdevelopment .
80s '
During this decade are discovered several unexploded bombs ¾ American Airways Charter (1980) and Consulate of Nicaragua ( 1981 ) ¾ , although most terrorist acts were successful. Such are the cases of :
· ( 1981 ) Placing bombs in the Consulates of Mexico and Venezuela , both located in Miami .
· ( 1981 ) Another bomb explodes in Replica .
· Shots against American Hispania , which sends medicine to Cuba .
· ( 1983 ) Bomb explodes at Cuba travel agency named Paradise International.
· ( 1987 ) is known , with 1988 as the year of the attacks on Cuba travel agencies , which undergo continuous bombings . This wave directly affects Cuba Shipping , Warehouse The Spanish , Cubanacan Shipping Agency , Travel Machi and Va Cuba ( twice) .
· ( 1988 ) This year there are attacks on several travel agencies (Va Cuba and Bele Cuba Express . Attacks also occur the Cuban Museum of Arts and Culture and bomb threat against Iberia offices and the Immigration and Naturalization Service , targets in the city of Miami .
· ( 1989 and 1990 ) These sealed the early years of the Cuban terrorism impunity with the explosion of a powerful bomb in the Cuban Museum of Arts and Culture , two bombs in Marazul Charters and bombings in places near the homes of sympathizers dialogue between Cuba and the Cuban community in the U.S. .
90s '
· (1994 ) Two bombs explode again in the offices of the magazine Replica .· ( 1996 ) Bomb explodes in Basque Center before the performance by Cuban singer Rosita Fornes .
· ( 1996 ) bomb attacks against travel agencies and Your Family Marazul Charters Shipping.
· ( 1998 ) Threat to bomb nightclubs in which Cuban artists act as Compay Segundo and Manolin " The doctor of Salsa" . The threats were consummated with the explosion at Amnesia nightclub in Miami Beach, incendiary half .
There is no doubt that all these assaults were ordered and financed over forty years , by leading terrorists grouped in the CORU , Alpha 66 , CID, CANF and other . However, some of the actual perpetrators of these have been identified and act freely in the United States , often undisturbed. Although some have saved prison sentences have been frequently benign to them , yet they can be seen roaming freely in the streets . Here are some cases:
· Angel Alfonso Aleman, nicknamed La Cota , who works in the 4300 Bergerline Ave , room 200 , in New Jersey. Brown hair , baldness pronounced and 1.75 meters high , it is known that in 1997 tried to blow up the Cuban Mission in New York City . It is linked to the Cuban American National Foundation .
· Héctor Francisco Alfonso Ruiz , known by the pseudonym of Hector Fabian , resident of 3020 SW 25 Terrace , Miami , has been an active terrorist. Participated in bombings against four parcels agencies to Cuba ( 1972 ) , planned an attack on the Embassy of Cuba in Mexico ( 1973 ) and was involved in several assassination attempts on Fidel ( 1973 to 1979 ) . He executed an attack against the ship Jobabo , Cuban flag , in 1978 . He knows engaged in sending explosive packages to Cuban embassies in Mexico , Canada, Argentina and Peru . Today is dedicated to promoting armed infiltrations on the island, such as took place on September 17, 1996 when they were captured Pedro Pablo Pulido Ortega and Noel Ramos.
· Sixto Reynaldo Aquit Manrique , known as the Chinese Aquit , a height of 1.58 meters , weight 170 pounds , brown eyes , mixed and Asian facial features , also has a small scar on the upper lip , currently resides in the 11549SW 5 street , Miami, and its telephone number is 305-227 1714. It is known that , after participating in the attack on the tanker Mykonos , in 1993 , traveled to Central America in order to contact Cuban terrorists based there , particularly in El Salvador as well as Salvadoran military , in order to organize terrorist against Cuba . It was discovered in the act he was about to carry out an attack against the headquarters of the Association of Workers of Cuba , in Miami , where they were stored twenty tons of food and medicine that would be brought to Cuba by the Fourth Caravan of Pastors for Peace . Sentenced to five years in prison out of jail , bail two home and three on parole , continued performing and promoting aggression against Cuba . He came to be located near President Bush on the occasion of the festivities of May 20, 2002 , in Miami .
We could mention many cases similar to these , but it would only confirm the scope of this article, which are essentially :
· Demonstrate the vulnerability of the American nation to this kind of terrorism.· To demonstrate the impunity with which criminals conduct their activities within the United States and federal agencies consent to these acts .
· The inability or lack of interest from U.S. justice to condemn these crimes .
Conclusions :
Excuse me, dear reader, if after reading this article, you left a bitter taste in the mouth or , at least , a terrible sense of insecurity. The fault, of course , it was not mine. I think the main culprit is the U.S. government never has worked to stop the wave of terrorism within its territory . The painful thing is that the victims have been paid more than once the activities of those who have killed an ordinary day in Miami or New York , these fifty years .
Percy Francisco Alvarado Godoy
(Traductor on line)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
La
seguridad nacional de los Estados Unidos: objetivo del terrorismo
doméstico de la mafia cubano-americana
Cuando
uno maneja las alarmantes cifras provocadas por las acciones de
grupos terroristas dentro de los Estados Unidos, inmediatamente
se forma la falsa idea de que las mismas son provocadas exclusivamente
por grupos islámicos o por facciones de neofascistas. Sin
embargo, el terrorismo doméstico de la mafia cubano americana
contra objetivos situados dentro del territorio norteamericano,
empequeñece a las tenebrosas acciones desarrolladas por
Al Qaeda y otros grupos de fanáticos, a la par que sorprende
por la impunidad con la que se ejecutan dichas actividades.
Sólo en el lapso entre 1959 y el 2001, casi cuatro décadas,
se consumaron 360 hechos terroristas en territorio norteamericano,
ejecutados por diferentes organizaciones de origen contrarrevolucionario,
protegidas permanentes del gobierno de ese país. De esas
acciones, 186 afectaron directamente a intereses de los Estados
Unidos de América.
La constante actividad terrorista de estos grupos de origen cubano
ha vulnerado de manera continua la seguridad nacional del gigante
americano. Unas pocas cifras así lo demuestran:
-
Más de 35 personas han sido asesinados en territorio norteamericano
por parte de la mafia de origen cubano. Entre las víctimas
ha habido personas de nacionalidad norteamericana, diplomáticos
cubanos y nacionales de la Isla que cometieron el error de abogar
por un acercamiento a Cuba.
-
Se realizaron 14 atentados contra aeropuertos norteamericanos,
destacándose los de La Guardia y John F. Kennedy (Nueva
York), el Miami Internacional Aiport y el de Newark, Nueva Jersey.
-
Una de estas organizaciones, Omega 7, realizó entre 1974
y 1983 cerca de 55 acciones terroristas dentro de los Estados
Unidos y 6 en Puerto Rico. Autotitulado Movimiento Nacionalista
Cubano Omega 7, se caracterizó por su agresividad y por
haber realizado notorias acciones terroristas, entre las que se
destacaron el ataque con bazookas contra la sede de la ONU en
1964, el asesinato del excanciller de Chile Orlando Letelier,
en 1976, así como los asesinatos del diplomático
cubano Félix García Rodríguez y del cubano
Carlos Muñiz Varela, ambos consumados en 1979. Del seno
de este grupo terroristas descollaron figuras como Guillermo Novo
Sampoll y su hermano Ignacio, así como Eduardo Arocena.
Este último purga una larga condena en la cárcel
y actualmente pretende ser liberado por gestiones de Lincoln Díaz
Balart e Ileana Ros Lethinen, tal como se hizo con Orlando Bosch
en años anteriores.
-
Se realizaron centenares de amenazas y atentados contra instalaciones
oficiales norteamericanas, tales como el FBI, Servicio de Inmigración
y otras.
-
Se llegó incluso a formular amenazas contra el propio presidente
de turno en diversas oportunidades, así como contra altos
funcionarios federales y estaduales.
En sentido general, los objetivos de este accionar terrorista
han sido bien definidos:
1)
Atacar a objetivos vinculados con Cuba, creando un clima permanente
de hostilidad y beligerancia hacia la Isla.
2) Ejercer un sistemático terror entre los miembros de
la comunidad cubana asentados en territorio norteamericano, con
vistas a frenar la creciente simpatía hacia la Revolución
Cubana y en pro de un acercamiento entre dicha comunidad y la
nación caribeña.
3) Presionar al gobierno norteamericano con vistas a condicionar
su política hacia Cuba. En este sentido, combinan inescrupulosamente
el cabildeo político, la amenaza y la campaña violenta.
A lo largo de estos cuarenta años han sobresalido diferentes
grupos terroristas, desarrollando algunos de ellos un notorio
protagonismo. Su preparación por parte de oficiales de
la CIA y de otras agencias norteamericanas, su involucramiento
en páginas de guerra sucia fuera de las fronteras de los
Estados Unidos y otros oscuros vínculos con la cosa nostra
y el narcotráfico, los han hecho potencialmente peligrosos.
En muchas ocasiones fue puesta en entredicho la tolerancia del
gobierno con estos criminales y se vieron obligados a presionarlos
para que realizaran sus actividades fuera de la frontera norteamericana.
Un ejemplo de ello ocurrió en los inicios de los 70, cuando
se llevó a cabo la guerra por los caminos del mundo, al
convencer el FBI a los principales cabecillas a cesar su actividad
de terrorismo doméstico. Uno de ellos, Orlando Bosch Ávila,
había realizado nada menos que 72 atentados con bomba en
territorio norteamericano. A partir de allí se incrementó
la criminal campaña de agresiones contra intereses cubanos
en el exterior:
-
El 4 de abril de 1972 explotó una bomba en la Oficina Comercial
de Cuba en Canadá, provocando la muerte de un diplomático
cubano.
- Intento de secuestro del embajador cubano Emilio Aragonés,
en la Argentina, en el año 1975.
- Voladura del avión cubano en Barbados en octubre de 1976.
Llama la atención que no todos los cabecillas obedecieron
las órdenes de sus antiguos jefes y mantuvieron sus acciones
y beligerancia dentro del territorio yanqui. A partir de 1975
cobraron notoriedad grupos como el Movimiento Nacionalista Cubano,
Gobierno Cubano Secreto, Frente de Liberación Nacional
Cubano, Poder Cubano, el Alacrán, Acción Cubana,
Escorpión Cubano, Jóvenes de la Estrella, Omega
7 y Comandos Pedro Luis Boitel.
En ese período se producen hechos de envergadura, tales
como:
-
Colocación de una poderosa bomba por parte del terrorista
de origen cubano Rolando Otero Hernández, que provocó
la muerte de 29 personas y heridas a 75. El criminal artefacto
explotó nada menos que en el Aeropuerto Internacional La
Guardia, en Nueva York. ¿Por qué no se evitó
este sabotaje en que murieron norteamericanos, el 29 de diciembre
de 1975, cuando el FBI tenía conocimiento de que este terrorista
había hecho explotar 7 bombas apenas 28 días antes
en la ciudad de Miami, dirigidas contra las Oficinas del FBI,
el Federal Building, la de la Policía del Condado, Oficinas
del Seguro Social y otros objetivos? ¿Por qué no
se formó una algarabía antiterrorista como la posterior
a los hechos del 11 de septiembre? ¿Por qué no se
persiguió a los terroristas de origen cubano como se hizo
con los miembros de Al Qaeda?
-
En septiembre de 1978 fueron asesinados cuatro ciudadanos norteamericanos
al ser volada en el aire una avioneta en la que se dirigían
a Cuba. La organización terrorista Jóvenes de la
Estrella se adjudicó tan criminal hecho. Uno de los ejecutores
de tan malvado atentado, Ramón Saúl Sánchez
Rizo, vive en Miami sin ser molestado y mantiene una activa beligerancia
contra Cuba. Este terrorista se ha caracterizado por actuar con
franca impunidad durante todos estos años., asociándose
a las más activas y peligrosas organizaciones de corte
violento en la década de los 70, tales como Frente de Liberación
Nacional Cubano, Alpha 66, Jóvenes de la Estrella, Coordinadora
de Organizaciones Revolucionarias. En los 80, dirigió el
grupo Organización para la Liberación de Cuba y
participó con los connotados terroristas asociados a Omega
7.
Sin descansar en su violenta actividad, recuérdese su participación
en los hundimientos de dos barcos pesqueros en 1970 —los
Plataformas I y IV—, así como promover secuestros
de personas en Venezuela, México y Estados Unidos, se sabe
que Ramón Saúl participó directamente en
el atentado contra Carlos Muñiz Varela y otros hechos,
siendo un niño consentido de la justicia norteamericana.
Sancionado a cuatro años de cárcel a pesar de su
amplio historial delictivo, en 1984, sólo cumplió
dos de ellos. Luego se integró a otros grupúsculos
terroristas como Organización para la Liberación
de Cuba, Comisión Nacional Cubana, Cuba Independiente y
Democrática (CID) y el Grupo de Acciones Navales.
Durante los disturbios provocados por la firma de los Acuerdos
Migratorios entre Cuba y Estados Unidos, fue detenido el dos de
mayo de 1995. Desde luego, fue liberado de inmediato a pesar de
que el FBI conoce que guarda un número considerable de
armas. Baste señalar que tanto él, como José
Basalto, son dos enemigos jurados de estos acuerdos y ambos se
han dedicado constantemente a sabotearlos. Finalmente, desde las
filas del Movimiento Democracia, se ha dedicado a crear tensiones
entre los dos gobiernos y a promover acciones terroristas y llamados
a la desobediencia de la comunidad cubana asentada en Miami, a
raíz del caso del niño balsero Leían González.
Volviendo a nuestro recuento sobre el terrorismo doméstico de la mafia en EE UU, cabe significar que nuevamente el gobierno yanqui negoció con ellos y los obligó a desarrollar su actividad fuera de los Estados Unidos. Así fue hasta 1979 en que incrementaron sus operaciones dentro de ese país. No obstante, una nueva organización conocida como el CORU cobró cierta relevancia dentro de los EE UU: no era más que un nuevo disfraz de los terroristas. Por esos años produjeron una respuesta violenta a los intentos de diálogo entre la comunidad y el gobierno cubano, al asesinar a Carlos Muñiz Varela y José Eulalio Negrín.
Volviendo a nuestro recuento sobre el terrorismo doméstico de la mafia en EE UU, cabe significar que nuevamente el gobierno yanqui negoció con ellos y los obligó a desarrollar su actividad fuera de los Estados Unidos. Así fue hasta 1979 en que incrementaron sus operaciones dentro de ese país. No obstante, una nueva organización conocida como el CORU cobró cierta relevancia dentro de los EE UU: no era más que un nuevo disfraz de los terroristas. Por esos años produjeron una respuesta violenta a los intentos de diálogo entre la comunidad y el gobierno cubano, al asesinar a Carlos Muñiz Varela y José Eulalio Negrín.
A grandes rasgos, los hechos terroristas más sobresalientes
de estas décadas fueron:
Década
de los 70'
·
(1974) Asesinato de José Elías de la Torriente por
no haber realizado un plan de invasión contra Cuba. Este
hecho se perpetró en el propio domicilio de la víctima,
ubicado en el lujoso barrio de Coral Gables.
· (1974) Cuatro agresiones con bombas contra medios de
prensa: una explota en las oficinas de la Revista Réplica
y las otras tres cerca de una estación de radio en español.
· (1974) Son asesinados Héctor Díaz Limonta
y Arturo Rodríguez como resultado de contradicciones intestinas
dentro de la mafia cubano americana. Dos años después
perecen Rolando Mansferrer y Ramón Donestévez por
las mismas causas. En 1977, sufre la misma suerte Juan José
Peruyero.
· (1975) Otra bomba es colocada en las oficinas de Réplica.
· (1976) Atentado contra Emilio Milián, director
de un noticiero radial en una emisora miamense, quien se opuso
a la violencia promovido por los terroristas radicados en EE UU.
La víctima perdió ambas piernas.
· (1979) Explosiones por bombas en Padrón Cigars
en dos oportunidades, luego de un intento infructuoso.
· (1979) Agresión armada contra los espectadores
que veían la proyección del filme cubano Memorias
del subdesarrollo.
Década
de los 80'
Durante esta década son descubiertas varias bombas sin
explotar -American Airways Charter (1980) y Consulado de
Nicaragua (1981)-, aunque la mayoría de los actos
terroristas fueron exitosos. Tales son los casos de:
·
(1981) Colocación de bombas en los Consulados de México
y Venezuela, ambos situados en Miami.
· (1981) Otra bomba estalla en Réplica.
·
Disparos contra Hispania Americana, la que envía medicinas
a Cuba.
· (1983) Bomba estalla en la agencia de viajes a Cuba nombrada
Paradise International.
· (1987) Es conocido, junto a 1988, como el año
de las agresiones contra agencias de viajes a Cuba, las que sufren
continuos atentados con bombas. Esta oleada afecta directamente
a Cuba Envíos, Almacén El Español, Agencia
Cubanacán Envíos, Machi Viajes, así como
Va Cuba (en dos oportunidades).
· (1988) Este año se producen atentados contra varias
agencias de viajes (Va Cuba y Bele Cuba Express. Igualmente se
producen atentados contra el Museo Cubano de Arte y Cultura y
amenaza de bomba contra las oficinas de Iberia y del Servicio
de Inmigración y Naturalización, objetivos situados
en la ciudad de Miami.
· (1989 y 1990) Estos años sellan la década
de impunidad del terrorismo anticubano con la explosión
de una potente bomba en el Museo Cubano de Arte y Cultura, dos
bombas en Marazul Charters y colocación de bombas en lugares
aledaños a las residencias de simpatizantes por el diálogo
entre Cuba y la comunidad cubana en EE UU.
Década
de los 90'
·
(1994) Dos bombas estallan nuevamente en las oficinas de la revista
Réplica.
· (1996) Estalla bomba en el Centro Vasco ante la actuación de la cantante cubana Rosita Fornés.
· (1996) Estalla bomba en el Centro Vasco ante la actuación de la cantante cubana Rosita Fornés.
· (1996) Ataques con bomba contra las agencias de viaje
Marazul Charters y Tu Familia Shipping.
· (1998) Amenaza de bomba contra centros nocturnos en los
que actuarían artistas cubanos como Compay Segundo y Manolín
“El médico de la Salsa”. Las amenazas se consumaron
con la explosión en Amnesia, centro nocturno de Miami Beach,
de un medio incendiario.
No cabe duda, que todas estas agresiones fueron ordenadas y financiadas,
a lo largo de estos cuarenta años, por los principales
terroristas agrupados en el CORU, Alpha 66, CID, FNCA y otras.
Sin embargo, algunos de los ejecutores materiales de las mismas
han podido ser identificados y actúan libremente en los
Estados Unidos, en muchos casos sin ser molestados. Aunque algunos
han guardado prisión, las condenas han sido frecuentemente
benignas hacia ellos, y aún se les puede ver deambulando
libremente por las calles. Estos son algunos casos:
·
Ángel Alfonso Alemán, apodado La Cota,
que trabaja en el 4300 Bergerline Ave, room 200, en Nueva Jersey.
De pelo castaño, calvicie pronunciada y 1,75 metros de
altura, se sabe que en 1997 pretendió dinamitar la Misión
Cubana en la ciudad de Nueva York. Está vinculado a la
Fundación Nacional Cubano Americana.
· Héctor Francisco Alfonso Ruiz,
conocido por el seudónimo de Héctor Fabián,
vecino de 3020 SW 25 Terrace, Miami, ha sido un activo terrorista.
Participó en atentados con bomba contra cuatro agencias
de envío de paquetes a Cuba (1972), planificó un
atentado contra la embajada de Cuba en México (1973) y
se involucró en varios planes de atentado contra Fidel
(1973 al 1979). Ejecutó una agresión contra el buque
Jobabo, de bandera cubana, en el año 1978. Se le sabe comprometido
en el envío de paquetes explosivos a embajadas cubanas
en México, Canadá, Argentina y Perú. Actualmente
se dedica a promover infiltraciones armadas en la Isla, como la
que tuvo lugar el 17 de septiembre de 1996 en que fueron capturados
Pedro Pablo Pulido Ortega y Noel Ramos.
·Sixto Reynaldo Aquit Manrique, conocido
como el Chino Aquit, de una estatura de 1,58 metros, 170 libras
de peso, ojos negros, mestizo y rasgos faciales asiáticos,
presenta también una pequeña cicatriz en el labio
superior, Actualmente reside en el 11549SW 5 street, Miami y su
teléfono es 305 – 227 1714. Se sabe que, luego de
participar en la agresión al buque tanque Mykonos, en 1993,
viajó a Centroamérica con la finalidad de contactar
a terroristas cubanos asentados allí, particularmente en
El Salvador, así como a militares salvadoreños,
con la finalidad de organizar acciones terroristas contra Cuba.
Fue descubierto in fraganti cuando se disponía a perpetrar
un atentado contra la sede de la Asociación de Trabajadores
de Cuba, en Miami, lugar en que estaban almacenadas veinte toneladas
de alimentos y medicinas que serían traídos a Cuba
por la Cuarta Caravana de los Pastores por la Paz. Condenado a
cinco años de prisión fuera de la cárcel,
dos en caución domiciliaria y tres bajo palabra, continuó
realizando y promoviendo agresiones contra Cuba. Llegó
a ubicarse cerca del presidente Bush en ocasión de las
festividades del 20 de mayo del 2002, en la ciudad de Miami.
Pudiéramos mencionar muchos casos similares a estos, pero
no se haría otra cosa que confirmar los objetivos de este
artículo, que son en esencia:
·
Demostrar la vulnerabilidad de la nación norteamericana
ante este tipo de terroristas.
· Evidenciar la impunidad con la que realizan sus criminales actividades dentro de los EE UU y la anuencia de las agencias federales ante estos actos.
· La incapacidad o falta de interés de la justicia
norteamericana por condenar estos crímenes.
Conclusiones:
Disculpe, amigo lector, si luego de leer este artículo,
queda en usted un sabor amargo en la boca o, al menos, una terrible
sensación de inseguridad. La culpa, por supuesto, no ha
sido mía. Creo que el principal culpable es el gobierno
norteamericano, que jamás se ha esforzado por detener esa
oleada terrorista dentro de su territorio. Lo doloroso es que
las propias víctimas han pagado más de una vez las
actividades de los que les han provocado la muerte un día
cualquiera, en Miami o Nueva York, durante estos cuarenta años.
Percy Francisco Alvarado Godoy
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